README.ide -- Information regarding ide.c and ide-cd.c (IDE driver in 1.1.88)
================================================================================
Supported by: mlord@bnr.ca -- disks, interfaces, probing
snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov -- cdroms, ATAPI, audio
(see description later on below for handling BIG IDE drives with >1024 cyls).
Major features of ide.c & ide-cd.c:
- support for up to two IDE interfaces on one or two IRQs
- support for any mix of up to four disk and/or cdrom drives
- support for reading IDE ATAPI cdrom drives (NEC, MITSUMI, VERSA, SONY)
- support for audio functions on FX400,NEC-260 cdrom drives (others?)
- auto-detection of interfaces, drives, IRQs, and disk geometries
- support for BIOSs which report "more than 16 heads" on disk drives
- uses LBA (slightly faster) on disk drives which support it
- support for lots of fancy (E)IDE drive functions with hdparm utility
- optional (compile time) support for 32-bit VLB data transfers
- support for IDE multiple (block) mode (same as hd.c)
- support for interrupt unmasking during I/O (better than hd.c)
- compile flag for auto detection/use of multiple mode setting from BIOS
- improved handshaking and error detection/recovery
- can co-exist with hd.c to control only the secondary interface
Under construction:
- support for interface speed selection on jumperless interfaces
- improved detection of non-standard IDE ATAPI cdrom drives
To access devices on the second interface, device entries must first be
created in /dev for them. To create such entries, simply run the included
shell script: MAKEDEV.ide1
ide.c automatically probes for the primary and secondary interfaces,
for the drives/geometries attached to those interfaces, and for the
IRQ numbers being used by the interfaces (normally IRQ14 & IRQ15).
The primary and secondary interfaces may share a single IRQ if necessary,
at a slight performance penalty, whether on separate cards or a single VLB card.
Drives are normally found by auto-probing and/or examining the CMOS/BIOS data.
For really weird situations, the apparent (fdisk) geometry can also be specified
on the kernel "command line" using LILO. The format of such lines is:
hdx=cyls,heads,sects,wpcom,irq
or hdx=cdrom
where hdx can be any of {hda,hdb,hdc,hdd}, or simply hd, for the "next" drive
in sequence. Only the first three parameters are required (cyls,heads,sects),
and wpcom is ignored for IDE drives. For example:
hdc=1050,32,64 hdd=cdrom
If an irq number is given, it will apply to both drives on the same interface,
either {hda,hdb} or {hdc,hdd}. The results of successful auto-probing may
override the physical geometry/irq specified, though the "original" geometry
is retained as the "logical" geometry for partitioning purposes (fdisk).
If the auto-probing during boot time confuses a drive (ie. the drive works
with hd.c but not with ide.c), then an command line option may be specified
for each drive for which you'd like the drive to skip the hardware
probe/identification sequence. For example:
hdb=noprobe
or
hdc=768,16,32
hdc=noprobe
Courtesy of Scott Snyder, the driver now supports ATAPI cdrom drives
such as the NEC-260 and the new MITSUMI triple/quad speed drives.
Such drives will be identified at boot time, as hda,hdb,hdc or hdd,
just like a harddisk.
If for some reason your cdrom drive is *not* found at boot time, you can force
the probe to look harder by supplying a kernel command line parameter
via LILO, such as: hdc=cdrom
For example, a GW2000 system might have a harddrive on the primary
interface (/dev/hda) and an IDE cdrom drive on the secondary interface
(/dev/hdc). To mount a CD in the cdrom drive, one would use something like:
ln -sf /dev/hdc /dev/cdrom
mkdir /cd
mount /dev/cdrom /cd -t iso9660 -o ro
Please pass on any feedback on the cdrom stuff to the author & maintainer,
Scott Snyder (snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov).
The kernel is now be able to execute binaries directly off of the cdrom,
provided it is mounted with the default block size of 1024.
The hdparm.c program for controlling various IDE features is now packaged
separately. Look for it on popular linux FTP sites.
mlord@bnr.ca
snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov
================================================================================
Some Terminology
----------------
IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics, meaning that each drive has a built-in
controller, which is why an "IDE interface card" is not a "controller card".
IDE drives are designed to attach almost directly to the ISA bus of an AT-style
computer. The typical IDE interface card merely provides I/O port address
decoding and tri-state buffers, although several newer localbus cards go much
beyond the basics. When purchasing a localbus IDE interface, avoid cards with
an onboard BIOS and those which require special drivers. Instead, look for a
card which uses hardware switches/jumpers to select the interface timing speed,
to allow much faster data transfers than the original 8Mhz ISA bus allows.
ATA = AT (the old IBM 286 computer) Attachment Interface, a draft American
National Standard for connecting hard drives to PCs. This is the official
name for "IDE".
The latest standards define some enhancements, known as the ATA-2 spec,
which grew out of vendor-specific "Enhanced IDE" (EIDE) implementations.
ATAPI = ATA Packet Interface, a new protocol for controlling the drives,
similar to SCSI protocols, created at the same time as the ATA2 standard.
ATAPI is currently used for controlling CDROM and TAPE devices, and will
likely also soon be used for Floppy drives, removable R/W cartridges,
and for high capacity hard disk drives.
How To Use *Big* ATA/IDE drives with Linux
------------------------------------------
The ATA Interface spec for IDE disk drives allows a total of 28 bits
(8 bits for sector, 16 bits for cylinder, and 4 bits for head) for addressing
individual disk sectors of 512 bytes each (in "Linear Block Address" (LBA)
mode, there is still only a total of 28 bits available in the hardware).
This "limits" the capacity of an IDE drive to no more than 128GB (Giga-bytes).
All current day IDE drives are somewhat smaller than this upper limit, and
within a few years, ATAPI disk drives will raise the limit considerably.
All IDE disk drives "suffer" from a "16-heads" limitation: the hardware has
only a four bit field for head selection, restricting the number of "physical"
heads to 16 or less. Since the BIOS usually has a 63 sectors/track limit,
this means that all IDE drivers larger than 504MB (528Meg) must use a "physical"
geometry with more than 1024 cylinders.
(1024cyls * 16heads * 63sects * 512bytes/sector) / (1024 * 1024) == 504MB
(Some BIOSs (and controllers with onboard BIOS) pretend to allow "32" or "64"
heads per drive (discussed below), but can only do so by playing games with
the real (hidden) geometry, which is always limited to 16 or fewer heads).
This presents two problems to most systems:
1. The INT13 interface to the BIOS only allows 10-bits for cylinder
addresses, giving a limit of 1024cyls for programs which use it.
2. The physical geometry fields of the disk partition table only
allow 10-bits for cylinder addresses, giving a similar limit of 1024
cyls for operating systems that do not use the "sector count" fields
instead of the physical Cyl/Head/Sect (CHS) geometry fields.
Neither of these limitations affects Linux itself, as it (1) does not use the
BIOS for disk access, and it (2) is clever enough to use the "sector count"
fields of the partition table instead of the physical CHS geometry fields.
a) Most folks use LILO to load linux. LILO uses the INT13 interface
to the BIOS to load the kernel at boot time. Therefore, LILO can only
load linux if the files it needs (usually just the kernel images) are
located below the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary" (more on this later).
b) Many folks also like to have bootable DOS partitions on their
drive(s). DOS also uses the INT13 interface to the BIOS, not only
for booting, but also for operation after booting. Therefore, DOS
can normally only access partitions which are contained entirely below
the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary".
There are at least seven commonly used schemes for kludging DOS to work
around this "limitation". In the long term, the problem is being solved
by introduction of an alternative BIOS interface that does not have the
same limitations as the INT13 interface. New versions of DOS are expected
to detect and use this interface in systems whose BIOS provides it.
But in the present day, alternative solutions are necessary.
The most popular solution in newer systems is to have the BIOS shift bits
between the cylinder and head number fields. This is activated by entering
a translated logical geometry into the BIOS/CMOS setup for the drive.
Thus, if the drive has a geometry of 2100/16/63 (CHS), then the BIOS could
present a "logical" geometry of 525/64/63 by "shifting" two bits from the
cylinder number into the head number field for purposes of the partition table,
CMOS setup, and INT13 interfaces. Linux kernels 1.1.39 and higher detect and
"handle" this translation automatically, making this a rather painless solution
for the 1024 cyls problem. If for some reason Linux gets confused (unlikely),
then use the kernel command line parameters to pass the *logical* geometry,
as in: hda=525,64,63
If the BIOS does not support this form of drive translation, then several
options remain, listed below in inverse order of popularity:
- boot from a floppy disk instead of the hard drive (takes 10 seconds).
- use a partition below the 1024 cyl boundary to hold the linux
boot files (kernel images and /boot directory), and place the rest
of linux anywhere else on the drive. These files can reside in a DOS
partition, or in a tailor-made linux boot partition.
If you cannot use drive translation, *and* your BIOS also restricts you to
entering no more than 1024 cylinders in the geometry field in the CMOS setup,
then just set it to 1024. As of v3.5 of this driver, Linux automatically
determines the *real* number of cylinders for fdisk to use, allowing easy
access to the full disk capacity without having to fiddle around.
Regardless of what you do, all DOS partitions *must* be contained entirely
within the first 1024 logical cylinders. For a 1Gig WD disk drive, here's
a good "half and half" partitioning scheme to start with:
geometry = 2100/16/63
/dev/hda1 from cyl 1 to 992 dos
/dev/hda2 from cyl 993 to 1023 swap
/dev/hda3 from cyl 1024 to 2100 linux
To ensure that LILO can boot linux, the boot files (kernel and /boot/*)
must reside within the first 1024 cylinders of the drive. If your linux
root partition is *not* completely within the first 1024 cyls (quite common),
then you can use LILO to boot linux from files on your DOS partition
by doing the following after installing slackware (or whatever):
0. Boot from the "boot floppy" created during the installation
1. Mount your DOS partition as /dos (and stick it in /etc/fstab)
2. Move your kernel (/vmlinuz) to /dos/vmlinuz with: mv /vmlinuz /dos
3. Edit /etc/lilo.conf to change /vmlinuz to /dos/vmlinuz
4. Move /boot to /dos/boot with: cp -a /boot /dos ; rm -r /boot
5. Create a symlink for LILO to use with: ln -s /dos/boot /boot
6. Re-run LILO with: lilo
A danger with this approach is that whenever an MS-DOS "defragmentation"
program is run (like Norton "speeddisk"), it may move the Linux boot
files around, confusing LILO and making the (Linux) system unbootable.
Be sure to keep a kernel "boot floppy" at hand for such circumstances.
If you "don't do DOS", then partition as you please, but remember to create
a small partition to hold the /boot directory (and vmlinuz) as described above
such that they stay within the first 1024 cylinders.
Note that when creating partitions that span beyond cylinder 1024,
Linux fdisk will complain about "Partition X has different physical/logical
endings" and emit messages such as "This is larger than 1024, and may cause
problems with some software". Ignore them for linux partitions. The "some
software" refers to DOS, the BIOS, and LILO, as described previously.
Western Digital now ships a "DiskManager 6.03" diskette with all of their big
hard drives. Burn it! That idiotic piece of garbage isn't even universally
compatible with DOS, let alone other operating systems like Linux. Eventually
some kind person will kludge Linux to work with it, but at present the two
are completely incompatible. If you have this version of DiskManager on your
hard disk already, it can be exterminated at the expense of all data on the
drive (back it up elsewhere), by using the "DM" command from the diskette
as follows: DM /Y-
mlord@bnr.ca
A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208— that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea—while her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato’s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Arêtê, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. “Thanks,” Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to “look out for a hidden enemy.” He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that—though you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon—pardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer—and I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance—nay, blood—with the cry of the bond." HoME古一级毛片免费观看
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