RELEASE NOTES FOR linux-lite v1.00
==================================
What is it?
===========
This is a linux-1.0.9 kernel that I have modified so that it can be
compiled and used on most `current' linux systems. It is based upon a
linux-1.0.9 kernel that I modified several years ago to allow booting and
installation of linux on a system with less than 1 MB of available memory.
A lot has changed since linux-1.0.9 was released. If you try to build a
untouched v1.0.9 kernel on a current linux system, it will fail immediately.
Back then, the now-standard ELF binary format was rare. ELF shared
libraries were unheard of. Compiling the kernel as an ELF (vs. a.out)
object was not supported until kernel version 2.0 was released.
This update makes the v1.0.9 kernel ELF aware, allows building of the
kernel with current compiler and binary utilities, and allows for the
creation of a smaller kernel than was possible with the original v1.0.9.
What good is it?
================
It is great for low memory systems where adding memory is difficult or
impossible (proprietary notebook systems, old 386's with DIP or SIPP DRAM,
etc. etc.) Many configuration options have been added to allow the user
to further reduce the final kernel size. Booting/running linux in less
than 1MB of memory should still be possible with this kernel when you use
an uncompressed kernel image. On an 8MB 486-100, linux-lite compiles the
2.0.33 kernel 2 minutes faster than when running the 2.0.33 kernel itself!
(Your results may vary, depending on hardware and kernel configuration.)
It now can run libc-5 ELF binaries, such as those used in the `stable'
release of Debian and so on. It has been `taught' how to deal with the
`gpm' way of mouse activity as compared to the old `selection' support.
It is compatible with linux (ext2) filesystems (partitions) that have
been created with recent linux installs.
The complete source for the kernel will fit on a single 1.44MB floppy.
Compared to the current 11MB or so taken up by linux-2.1, this is a
manageable size for someone who wants to get a feel for linux internals
without getting overwhelmed by the size of the current source tree. (It
may also be useful for introductory OS courses that want to use linux
as a teaching aid?)
Known Issues:
==============
The recent /proc `ps' utilities do not like the /proc file output
from this kernel. (Older v1.2 /proc utils will work with both v1.0 and
v2.0 kernels). This includes ps, w, uptime, top, and so on.
mprotect() is not really supported. This should only affect things
like Electric-Fence and so on, which are primarily used by
developers for debugging.
Use with glibc (aka libc-6) is currently untested. Let me know if you
try it out with glibc. Similarly compliling with gcc-2.8.x is expected
to break things, as it even breaks linux-2.0/2.1, so use gcc-2.7.2
Not all the drivers that exist in linux-2.0/2.1 are available in this
older kernel. Things like HDD, FDD, EXT2, NFS and so on should be fine
though. But I am not able to test *all* the drivers that are in v1.0,
and nor will I be backporting current drivers into linux-lite either.
Options and Compilation Notes:
==============================
Note that the kernel can now be built in any dir, being at /usr/src/linux
is no longer required.
Uncompressed kernel images are back (yay!) - to get one, just simply do a
"make Image" instead of "make zImage". If the uncompressed image is
bigger than about 524kB then you will have to use compressed kernel
images. (Uncompressed ones boot a *lot* faster on old 386's). Both LILO
and loadlin will happily boot an uncompressed image still.
Builds with gcc-2.7.2 are recommended. At the time of writing, gcc-2.8.x
still won't build a 2.0 or 2.1 linux kernel correctly, so I'm assuming it
will munge this one too.
Builds with an old a.out compiler+binutils (gcc-2.5.8 + libc4) are
untested. If you want to try it, edit the top Makefile and change the
USE_ELF define. Or just use stock linux-1.0.9 instead.
The alignment options to gcc are all set to zero to get the absolute
smallest kernel. This doesn't seem to seriously kill performance, as
1.0.9-lite compiles a 2.0.33 kernel faster than 2.0.33 itself (in 8MB).
New options that can be turned off at "make config" time to save space:
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_FD (floppy support)
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM (RAM-disk support)
CONFIG_MODULES (modular driver support)
CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT (old a.out executable support)
CONFIG_SERIAL (generic serial port support)
Note that CAN_LOAD_EGA_FONTS (i.e. setfont) is turned off in console.c to
save a bit more space - turn it back on again if you really need it. Some
of the translation tables that are rarely used are turned off there too.
Similarly, some rare kbd ioctl() support has been #ifdef'd out of vt.c
Core dump support has been #ifdef'd out in fs/exec.c to save space. If you
need it then change the #undef CORE_DUMPS to a #define CORE_DUMPS. I will
make this a CONFIG option next time.
The build no longer enters drivers/net if CONFIG_INET is disabled. This
saves some build time and final kernel size. Similarly auto_irq support
is no longer included if CONFIG_ETHERCARDS isn't set.
The serial port table is trimmed down to the standard COM1 -> COM4 ports
to save spave. (In hindsight, I should have just #if 0'ed them out instead
of deleting them... will do for the next patch)
Bad clone support (i.e. invalid signature) for NE1000/2000 cards has been
deleted. Similarly for PureDate support in the wd80x3 driver. Again, I
should have just #ifdef'ed it out. Next time.
The max number of net sockets has been reduced as to reduce the memory
footprint. If you run out of sockets, then starting subsequent network
apps will fail and you will have to change NSOCKETS back in the file
include/linux/net.h
The number of virtual consoles has been reduced to four. If you launch
more than four getty from /etc/inittab then you will get messages from
init like "init: ID nn respawing too fast - disabled for 5 minutes".
Either add more VC's (in include/linux/tty.h) or edit inittab and remove
the gettys on tty4 -> ttyN. Similarly, if you run X11, you need to leave
one free VC for it, so either only run 3 getty or add more VC's.
The max number of superblocks has been reduced as to reduce the memory
footprint. If you run out you will get a helpful kernel message telling
you what to do.
Kernel panic messages have been reduced to printing only the instruction
pointer at which the panic happened via some macro trickery. If your kernel
panics you will have to look up the EIP in the [z]System.map and then look
up the appropriate function in the source to see why. (The panic text is
still intact in the source, but just not included in the final kernel.)
The mem= bootprompt now understands the suffix "k" for kB and "M" for MB.
Case doesn't matter. (Before it required the full number of bytes - ugh.)
There is a new boot argument "swapdev=" which should only be needed for
machines with less than 1.5MB of RAM. It allows enabling of swap just
after the root filesystem is mounted and before init is launched. Use
it just like you would the "root=" boot argument.
The kernel printk buffer has been reduced to 1kB from 4kB (see "dmesg")
so it wraps around sooner, but 1kB is typically enough to store all the
messages that are printed at boot.
--- end of release notes for linux-lite v1.00 ---
A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208— that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea—while her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato’s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Arêtê, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. “Thanks,” Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to “look out for a hidden enemy.” He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that—though you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon—pardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer—and I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance—nay, blood—with the cry of the bond." HoME古一级毛片免费观看
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