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However you might choose to buy something else, or find yourself with a different type of drive and interface. Whatever type of CDROM you get, you must understand what TYPE it is, and how to configure it.

Different CDROMS have different interface cards and cables.

SCSI

SCSI CDROM's are driven by a SCSI card. Normally you buy that separately, and need a specific driver for the card, but the CDROM drive should be standard. Some bundled interface cards are brain-damaged, and only drive a CDROM, or a particular device. Most good ones are very portable. External SCSI drives may have problems with cables. i.e. external SCSI cables can only have 2 devices and need proper termination. Theoretically you can have more, but in practice ...

Internal SCSI CDROM's are good, just slightly more expensive. You configure them as /dev/sdc and symb link that to /dev/cdrom, unless it has several platters, such as an auto-changer with each on a separate LUN address. Proper jukeboxes don't do 'virtual' emulation of all the disk being online, but those that do, work with no code!

Older Sound Card CD interfaces

CDROM's first became popular thanks to sound card's having a special CDROM interface on them. What interface you have depends on what model you have. Some cards have a switchable "triple" interface (either sound cards or non-sound cards).

That interface circuitry is totally independent of the sound card, simply in the same package. Music from the CD into the sound channel went through an analogue wire and socket, like the microphone, only a different plug, and inside the case not outside.

Non Sound Card CD interfaces

The CDROM manufacturers created a half a dozen different interface specifications, and the sound card's would support one or three of them. The manufacturers also produced a really cheap interface card, for people without sound cards.

On my old machine, I have an old dual speed CR-562 on it's own interface card. On raven I have an EIDE quad speed.

Panasonic / Matsushita

The CR-562 uses a Panasonic interface, that appeared on original sound cards (hence the misnomer sbpcd). Also known as a Matsushita interface.

That means that I configure my old CDROM as /dev/sbpcd at IO=0x320 (a really strange address for a Panasonic/Matsushita, but that is the card I have). It needs the sbpcd driver compiled into the kernel (or available as a module). EIDE CDROMS do not use sbpcd.

3.2
CDROM: Other types

External SCSI CDROM's may require high quality cables and limit the number of drives that can be cascaded (2). This is a generic problem with external SCSI and is often helped by good termination (active).

EIGHT-speed and TWENTY-FOUR-speed IDE CDROMS are now available for a few pounds more. After that check seek/access times and reliability.

SEVEN-DISK auto-changer, is an interesting idea (especially audio), but there would be a 3 second delay when switching between tasks, accessing different disks. The cost including the SCSI controller would buy a few quad-speed always-online CD-ROMS (in a tower case).

TRIPLE-DISK-IDE auto-changers. I saw an advert for these, but I don't know how well they are supported. If you have one of these, check for the eject package, which claims that it can switch CD's, after which it then looks like an ordinary EIDE CDROM. This is a recent release of eject, so don't stop until you find it.

Don't forget to enable IDE-CDROM (or your device type) in the kernel when you compile it. You know it's there, because when the kernel boots, it lists all drives found, and says "CDROM" against one of them. If the messages ran by too fast, run dmesg.

3.3
CD-writers (£250+VAT)

CDR (R=recorder) are coming down in price, mostly because of volume sales and new models forcing down the prices of old models.

A CDR isn't part of the basic Raven spec, but expect to buy one next year. You can get a Ricoh-1640C with an internal 2 MB buffer for £250. Then you will need cdrecord to make it work.

Packet Writing

You could also look at one of the packet writable CDROM's, these allow you to write individual files rather than multi-sessions (each session has a substantial overhead), browse the site to see which are supprted.

Erasable

There are also rewritable CDROMS, which use more expensive (20) media, but can erase and rewrite many times. Even more expensive and to what end?

Capacity

The next problem is that 645 MB is just not enough! When we have 10 GIG media, things will change dramatically, but that's a couple of years until it gets cheap, and common.

In the mean time, get a 3 GIG disk, create the 10 MB boot partition (see Issue-2-SysBuild), and create lots of 670 MB partitions. You can copy whole CD's onto a free partition, or create your own using mkisofs. Then mount it to see that it is OK. I have a line in /etc/fstab:

/dev/hdc4 /hdc4 iso9660 defaults 2  0

Except the defaults word reads:

defaults,noauto,ro,user,exec,suid

cd-writers have to get the data on-time, first-time. If the program driving the CDROM has to get lots of files from different disks, the throughput may not be sufficient to feed the laser. That's why it's better to build an image (which is sequential blocks on one partition), or possibly a file-image (which is mostly sequential blocks, but might be fragmented).

Multi-session is a good idea. It allows you to write 5 lots of 100 MB, instead of having to collect it all in one image, and it is supported by most CDROM readers.

ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/
/cdrom/utils/disk-management/ cdwrite-2.0.lsm
http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/FAQ.html

Some people have reported limited lifespans of the drive and laser, this may be specific to their brands (and basic mechanisms). Look for other docs on the Internet with this info.

3.4
Printer: none; Epson-FX80; or YOUR-CHOICE (NON-GDI)

Linux will drive a POSTSCRIPT printer or any "common" printer. HP, Epson, 24-bit dot matrix, color-ink-jet, PCL, etc. You can get a second hand 9-pin for £20, but they are slow and noisy.

I don't know anything about laser memory requirements, for complex pages. Especially since ghostscript will be converting to a pixel image.

GDI requires MS-Windows software to drive it. I don't think Linux does this yet. But some GDI printers have an 'upgrade to normal printer add-in'. and can be driven in PCL from DOS.

Printer cables can be quite long, but beware of total length, with switch-boxes. The printer will go quiet if the total footage is excessive (40 ft). If you are lucky, you can avoid buying an expensive, bulky and messy printer, and use the printer at College, or work.

3.5
Tape-drive:

Don't bother. Get a second disk, and keep YOUR files on floppies. Label the floppies 9601-Jan, and keep backups of them on an ext2 disk. Take TAPE backups of that ext2 disk.

The system is HUGE, but can be deleted and re-loaded from CDROM (as you shall see ...). Reloading the system from scratch is difficult to get right without forgetting SOMETHING, but each time, make a note to improve next time's installation procedure.

Collect all the ftp files you found. Put the ones you have installed on a backup archive. If the machine needs to be rebuilt, you have them.

For site backups use an external CD-writer. This won't backup working PC's, but you prepare a 660+ MB image using mkisofs, and borrow the CD-Writer for an hour (or so). Sites with incremental backups merge departments, each 'posts' 50M to a weekly backup (N-copies takes N-hour's raw cost £7 each :-). How do you dispose of CD's?

Some tape drives are very noisy, and can't be active in the same room as a human being. DAT tapes (quiet) have a high capacity, but cost a lot, and do wear-out after 2 years of daily use.

3.6
Removable media

I have an old Syquest SCSI 80 MB cartridge, which works very well. There are newer 1 Gig drives, and these should work well, (using standard SCSI interfaces). You might be looking at the 1 GB Jazz drivers or similar.

I did have problems with DOS requiring a reboot on every change, but this is NOT a problem with Linux, it accepts the SCSI media change signal, and rereads the fdisk info. I simply do:

umount /syq
# remove media insert new media
mount /syq

They are more expensive, and slower than fixed disks, but may be more suitable for sending through the post to get CDROM's cut, or more convenient for archives, or moving between machines.

The parallel interfaces, will be much slower than internal SCSI cards, and you should check whether they are supported or not, and the convenience looks very tempting. However it is another box, power cable and interface cable. Portable users would probably swear by them. http://www.torque.net/linux-pp.html

If you don't want to switch disks very often, you might consider an exchangable SCSI or EIDE frame. But do remember, that an exchangeable frame will eventually wear out the electrical connections.

3.7
Sound Card (£35+)

I don't have one, though I have seen one at £20 (second hand). I did have one a long time ago, but I was disappointed by the amount of HISS and general sound quality. I lent it to a friend, who has moved.

3.8
Multi-disk system upgrades

System upgrades are easier if you can boot two independent systems (as well as DOS). IE: the old-system and the new-system. If you plan to do that you must reserve the disk now, possibly leaving you with only 2 of 4 disks (+new system, +cdrom). If you plan for that second disk now, but intend to buy it later, it will make more sense when it arrives.

During the migration, you might do a lot of deleting. Be lucky.

If you are lucky, you can share /usr/andrew, eg as /hdc2/andrew (that's the AUIS word processor). With other apps, beware of different library file versions, but see /etc/ld.so.conf. (or is that now in the process of being depracated?).

3.9
Second disk (£150)

Put the second IDE on either the first or second EIDE cable and controller.

With both disks on the same cable, one must wait whilst the other uses the IDE cable. You will need a second ide cable (the first one is always included with the controller card), and scrounge a few jumpers. Check that you have enough PSU cables (or a splitter).

DOS used to halve the data path width of a hard drive ON THE SAME CONTROLLER as the IDE CD. Linux does not have this problem. DOS may be fixed with a driver, especially under windows.

Splitting data across two disks can boost performance, for a number of reasons. If you are hardly using the DOS partition, but have a swap space on that disk, every time the system wishes to read or write a swap-page (4K block), it can do so without moving the disk head of the other disk, and conversely. That makes it worth running FIPS on a DOS partition, just to create a 32 MB swap space. You might also try a swap file.

3.10
T-H-R-E-E Button Mouse (£7.50)

My very old serial logitech mouse accidently got trodden on, and I looked at several on display for £30, and didn't like any of them. Then I resigned myself to the cheapest I could find, without even looking at it. You decide whether you want an Taiwanese mouse in the current political climate.

It is a Genius Easy Mouse, and it is brilliant!

It is a serial mouse, so set /dev/mouse -> /dev/ttyS0, and it is configured as Protocol "MouseSystems" in /etc/XF86Config and in /etc/rc.d.rc.serial it is gpm -t msc.

Mine goes crazy if I configure ClearDTR into /etc/XF86Config, you might need to do that to switch the emulation mode out of Microsoft 2-button mode (there is also a 3-button MS mode). Check your configurations, and try pressing the middle button at power-up boot-time, or when the driver starts.

3.11
Misc Bits

Don't come home without them!

Keyboard -- 102 key
Floppy -- 3.5"
mouse extension cable
keyboard extension cable
phone extension cable, splitter, ear-plug for voice modem
jumpers come in two sizes, the larger ones can be scrounged from other cards, small ones (used on disks) are never there when you need them.
IDE cable for second pair of drives (if absent)
removable drive bay
SCSI terminators, extern cables.
phone line splitters, cables, UK adaptors
portable diary computer with LINK to PC (cheap not PC)
PSU splitters

3.12
Null Modem Cable

A null modem cable, allows you two PC's together using the serial port instead of ethernet cards.

It also allows you to connect a VT100 dumb terminal to your Linux box, or let your Linux machine act as a terminal on another machine.

If you buy one or build one, make sure that it matches the following internal wiring diagram. Most do.

           Same Null Modem Cable
================================================

 SG  [7] <----------------------> [7] SG  

 TD  [2]  -->-------\/-------<--  [2] TD 
 RD  [3] <----------/\----------> [3] RD  


 RTS [4]  -->-------\/-------<--  [4] RTS
 CTS [5] <----------/\----------> [5] CTS

                                  
DTR [20]  -->-------\/-------<--  [20] DTR
 DSR [6] <-----+----/\-----+----> [6] DSR
 DCD [8] <-----+           +----> [8] DCD

3.13
MISC-II (second machine)

second machine, eg 386-SX
ne2000 - network card (a good clone)
WD8003 - network card (for variety, any good one will do)
3C509B - network card (3COM)
Maybe - 100 M TP instead of 10 M TP.
Ethernet cable (T-pieces come with cards)
terminator - pair of 50 ohm
cable - null-modem - check spec. Lindy is non-standard
cable - laplink-par-cable, see PLIP-FAQ for wiring spec.
cable - 25 way straight thru - overkill for modem but has other uses
cable - ext-SCSI - check it's ROBUST at the cable pinch points
box - FAX line eliminator (£20)

See the ETHERNET HOWTO for more information about cards. An ISA NE2000 clone, is fast enough to run the wire at full speed, but it probably has a high 'cost' on CPU overhead, hence is 'slower'.

I used jumpered IO_ADDR + IRQ, so that I don't have to run a DOS utility to program the card.

3.14
USB - Universal Serial Bus

This is rumoured to make all parallel and serial connected devices obsolete. All USB devices will be easier to connect and disconnect, and quite fast enough for most needs.

You do not absolutely need it just yet, but it will be very nice when it it commonplace.

3.15
Bundled Machines

Shops often put out adverts of complete machines at low low prices. These are not fakes, but checking the specification, you may notice only 8Mb RAM, 14" monitor or whatever. Take the specification home and price it on an item-by-item basis. Then go back to the shop with a proposal for an upgraded machine, they'll probably snatch it out of your hand. Remember that their prices depend on sustained turnover, and your thousand will enable them to get newer stock.

A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208¡ª that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea¡ªwhile her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato¡¯s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Ar¨ºt¨º, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. ¡°Thanks,¡± Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to ¡°look out for a hidden enemy.¡± He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that¡ªthough you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon¡ªpardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer¡ªand I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance¡ªnay, blood¡ªwith the cry of the bond." HoME ¹ÅÒ»¼¶Ã«Æ¬Ãâ·Ñ¹Û¿´ ENTER NUMBET 0017
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