3-6 LIBRARIES
**************
A Library is a file with a special internal structure, it contains
a set of subunits and an index for these subunits, the subunits may
be text files, object modules etc.
The librarian program (or its routines) can be used to create
a library, add, delete and list subunits in it.
A library can replace a large collection of files of the same type.
Instead of using many source/object modules, you can insert them all
into a single library, that may save I/O operations and disk space.
Libraries of routines that perform most routine tasks, e.g. I/O
operations, number conversions etc are routinely used by the linker
when it links user programs.
You can use a text library to store your source code routines, and
an object library to store the compiled version. You can include
routines from the text library in your programs, or link your
programs against your object library (faster, recommended method).
Basic syntax for object libraries commands is:
VMS object library commands
---------------------------
LIBRARY /OBJECT /CREATE Library-name
LIBRARY /OBJECT /LIST Library-name
LIBRARY /OBJECT /REPLACE Library-name Input-file
LIBRARY /OBJECT /DELETE=Subunit-name Library-name
LINK Object-file, Library-name /LIBRARY
UNIX librarian
--------------
ar cv Input-file (to create a library)
ar rv Input-file (to add/replace modules)
f77 *.o libXXX.a (to link)
Do not use ld to link. this will usually involve a lot of platform
and release dependent work.
Run-time libraries/Shared libraries
-----------------------------------
Ordinary linking includes all the linked code into the executable file.
It is absurd to have the routines that perform basic tasks like writing
to the screen included in every program of every user.
Run-Time linking allows you to use at run-time code that is located
outside your program, by putting directions for the image activator in
the executable file. The directions specify how to find the file that
contains the auxiliary code, and how to access the code (or data) in it.
Creating and calling VMS shared images
--------------------------------------
To create a run-time/shared library from the object file
"SHRLIB.OBJ", you have to use a linker options file:
$ LINK/SHAREABLE shrlib.obj, SYS$INPUT/OPTIONS
CASE_SENSITIVE=NO
IDENTIFICATION=MYSHRLIB
NAME="MY_SHARED_IMAGE"
GSMATCH=ALWAYS,0,0
SYMBOL_VECTOR=(SUB1=PROCEDURE, -
SUB2=PROCEDURE, -
SUB3=PROCEDURE)
Your program is linked against the new library using a
linker options file (assuming it's in the same directory):
$ LINK TEST, SYS$INPUT/OPTIONS
SHRLIB.EXE/SHAREABLE
To run the new executable, you have to tell the image
activator in which directory the shared image resides,
you can either add the directory to SYS$SHARE logical:
$ DEFINE SYS$SHARE SYS$SYSROOT:[SYSLIB],
or create a new logical:
$ DEFINE SHRLIB
Now you can execute your program:
$ RUN TEST
Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS)
---------------------------------------
The BLAS are a vector/matrix oriented routine library distributed
by the Netlib organization. Highly optimized versions exists for
VMS (DXML), SunOS (Performance library),
There are 3 sets of BLAS routines:
Level 1 Vector-vector operations
Level 2 Vector-matrix operations
Level 3 Matrix-matrix operations
A list of some level 1 BLAS:
============================
IxAMAX(n, x, incx)
Index of the first selected element of the array
argument which has the maximum absolute value.
--------------------------------------------------------
xASUM(n, x, incx)
Sum of the absolute values of selected elements
of the array argument.
--------------------------------------------------------
xAXPY(n, a, x, incx, y, incy)
Multiply an array by a scalar value and add an array.
--------------------------------------------------------
xCOPY(n, x, incx, y, incy)
Copy selected elements of one array to another array.
--------------------------------------------------------
xDOTx(n, x, incx, y, incy)
Inner product of two arrays, conjugated/unconjugated
values, depends on suffix (C/U)
--------------------------------------------------------
xNRM2(n, x, incx)
Euclidean norm of a array.
--------------------------------------------------------
xROT(n, x, incx, y, incy, c, s)
Givens plane rotation to a pair of arrays/a real
rotation to a pair of complex arrays.
--------------------------------------------------------
xROTG(a, b, c, s)
Generate the elements for a Givens plane rotation.
--------------------------------------------------------
xSCAL(n, a, x, incx)
Scale the elements of an array by a scalar value.
--------------------------------------------------------
xSWAP(n, x, incx, y, incy)
Swap elements between two arrays.
-----------------------------------|----------------------------------
Lowercase x in routine name is a | Argument list convention:
data-type code: | -------------------------
--------------- | n Number of array elements
I Integer | a A scalar
S Single-precision | x First array (source)
D Double-precision | y Second array (target)
C Single-precision complex | incx x stride (step)
Z Double-precision complex | incy y stride (step)
-----------------------------------|----------------------------------
LINPACK, EISPACK and LAPACK
---------------------------
Correct use of optimized routines
---------------------------------
Optimized routined can degrade performance if used carelessly,
..............
A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208— that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea—while her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato’s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Arêtê, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. “Thanks,” Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to “look out for a hidden enemy.” He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that—though you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon—pardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer—and I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance—nay, blood—with the cry of the bond." HoME古一级毛片免费观看
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