RESTRICTIONS ON THE SYNTAX OF FORTRAN
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There are some non-obvious restrictions on the syntax of FORTRAN 77
in the standard specification:
8.2.5 Restrictions on EQUIVALENCE Statements.
An EQUIVALENCE statement must not specify that the same storage unit
is to occur more than once in a storage sequence. For example,
1. DIMENSION A(2)
2. EQUIVALENCE (A(1),B), (A(2),B)
is prohibited, because it would specify the same storage unit for A(1)
and A(2). An EQUIVALENCE statement must not specify that consecutive
storage units are to be nonconsecutive. For example, the following is
prohibited:
1. REAL A(2)
2. DOUBLE PRECISION D(2)
3. EQUIVALENCE (A(1),D(1)), (A(2),D(2))
8.3.6 Restrictions on Common and Equivalence.
An EQUIVALENCE statement must not cause the storage sequences of two
different common blocks in the same program unit to be associated.
Equivalence association must not cause a common block storage sequence
to be extended by adding storage units preceding the first storage
unit of the first entity specified in a COMMON statement for the
common block. For example, the following is not permitted:
1. COMMON /X/A
2. REAL B(2)
3. EQUIVALENCE (A,B(2))
9.2 DATA Statement Restrictions
Names of dummy arguments, functions, and entities in blank common
(including entities associated with an entity in blank common) must
not appear in the list nlist . Names of entities in a named common
block may appear in the list nlist only within a block data
subprogram.
There must be the same number of items specified by each list nlist
and its corresponding list clist . There is a one-to-one
correspondence between the items specified by nlist and the constants
specified by clist such that the first item of nlist corresponds to
the first constant of clist , etc. By this correspondence, the initial
value is established and the entity is initially defined. If an array
name without a subscript is in the list, there must be one constant
for each element of that array. The ordering of array elements is
determined by the array element subscript value ( 5.2.4).
The type of the nlist entity and the type of the corresponding clist
constant must agree when either is of type character or logical. When
the nlist entity is of type integer, real, double precision, or
complex, the 1corresponding clist constant must also be of type
integer, real, double precision, or complex; if necessary, the clist
constant is converted to the type of the nlist entity according to the
rules for arithmetic conversion (Table 4). Note that if an nlist
entity is of type double precision and the clist constant is of type
real, the processor may supply more precision derived from the
constant than can be contained in a real datum.
Any variable, array element, or substring may be initially defined
except for:
1. an entity that is a dummy argument,
2. an entity in blank common, which includes an entity associated
with an entity in blank common, or
3. a variable in a function subprogram whose name is also the name of
the function subprogram or an entry in the function subprogram.
A variable, array element, or substring must not be initially defined
more than once in an executable program. If two entities are
associated, only one may be initially defined in a DATA statement in
the same executable program.
Each subscript expression in the list nlist must be an integer
constant expression except for implied-DO-variables as noted in 9.3.
Each substring expression in the list nlist must be an integer
constant expression.
12.2.5.2 Internal File Restrictions.
An internal file has the following restrictions:
1. Reading and writing records is accomplished only by sequential
access formatted input/output statements ( 12.8.1) that do not
specify list-directed formatting.
2. An auxiliary input/output statement must not specify an internal
file.
12.11 Restrictions on Function References and List Items
A function must not be referenced within an expression appearing
anywhere in an input/output statement if such a reference causes an
input/output statement to be executed. Note that a restriction in the
evaluation of expressions ( 6.6) prohibits certain side effects.
12.12 Restriction on Input/Output Statements
If a unit, or a file connected to a unit, does not have all of the
properties required for the execution of certain input/output
statements, those statements must not refer to the unit.
14.2 Main Program Restrictions
The PROGRAM statement may appear only as the first statement of a main
program. A main program may contain any other statement except a BLOCK
DATA, FUNCTION, SUBROUTINE, ENTRY, or RETURN statement. The appearance
of a SAVE statement in a main program has no effect.
A main program may not be referenced from a subprogram or from itself.
'bp '
15.3.3 Intrinsic Function Restrictions.
Arguments for which the result is not mathematically defined or
exceeds the numeric range of the processor cause the result of the
function to become undefined.
Restrictions on the range of arguments and results for intrinsic
functions are described in 15.10.1.
15.4.3 Statement Function Restrictions.
A statement function may be referenced only in the program unit that
contains the statement function statement.
A statement function statement must not contain a reference to another
statement function that appears following the reference in the
sequence of lines in the program unit. The symbolic name used to
identify a statement function must not appear as a symbolic name in
any specification statement except in a type-statement (to specify the
type of the function) or as the name of a common block in the same
program unit.
An external function reference in the expression of a statement
function statement must not cause a dummy argument of the statement
function to become undefined or redefined.
The symbolic name of a statement function is a local name ( 18.1.2)
and must not be the same as the name of any other entity in the
program unit except the name of a common block.
The symbolic name of a statement function may not be an actual
argument. It must not appear in an EXTERNAL statement.
A statement function statement in a function subprogram must not
contain a function reference to the name of the function subprogram or
an entry name in the function subprogram.
The length specification of a character statement function or
statement function dummy argument of type character must be an integer
constant expression.
15.5.3 Function Subprogram Restrictions.
A FUNCTION statement must appear only as the first statement of a
function subprogram. A function subprogram may contain any other
statement except a BLOCK DATA, SUBROUTINE, or PROGRAM statement.
The symbolic name of an external function is a global name ( 18.1.1)
and must not be the same as any other global name or any local name,
except a variable name, in the function subprogram.
Within a function subprogram, the symbolic name of a function
specified by a FUNCTION or ENTRY statement must not appear in any
other nonexecutable statement, except a type-statement. In an
executable statement, such a name may appear only as a variable.
If the type of a function is specified in a FUNCTION statement, the
function name must not appear in a type-statement. Note that a name
must not have its type explicitly specified more than once in a
program unit.
If the name of a function subprogram is of type character, each entry
name in the function subprogram must be of type character. If the name
of the function subprogram or any entry in the subprogram has a length
of (*) declared, all such entities must have a length of (*) declared;
otherwise, all such entities must have a length specification of the
same integer value.
In a function subprogram, the symbolic name of a dummy argument is
local to the program unit and must not appear in an EQUIVALENCE,
PARAMETER, SAVE, INTRINSIC, DATA, or COMMON statement, except as a
common block name.
A character dummy argument whose length specification is an asterisk
in parentheses must not appear as an operand for concatenation, except
in a character assignment statement ( 10.4).
A function specified in a subprogram may be referenced within any
other procedure subprogram or the main program of the executable
program. A function subprogram must not reference itself, either
directly or indirectly.
15.6.3 Subroutine Subprogram Restrictions.
A SUBROUTINE statement must appear only as the first statement of a
subroutine subprogram. A subroutine subprogram may contain any other
statement except a BLOCK DATA, FUNCTION, or PROGRAM statement.
The symbolic name of a subroutine is a global name ( 18.1.1) and must
not be the same as any other global name or any local name in the
program unit.
In a subroutine subprogram, the symbolic name of a dummy argument is
local to the program unit and must not appear in an EQUIVALENCE,
PARAMETER, SAVE, INTRINSIC, DATA, or COMMON statement, except as a
common block name.
A character dummy argument whose length specification is an asterisk
in parentheses must not appear as an operand for concatenation, except
in a character assignment statement ( 10.4).
15.7.4 ENTRY Statement Restrictions.
Within a subprogram, an entry name must not appear both as an entry
name in an ENTRY statement and as a dummy argument in a FUNCTION,
SUBROUTINE, or ENTRY statement and must not appear in an EXTERNAL
statement.
In a function subprogram, a variable name that is the same as an entry
name must not appear in any statement that precedes the appearance of
the entry name in an ENTRY statement, except in a type-statement.
If an entry name in a function subprogram is of type character, each
entry name and the name of the function subprogram must be of type
character. If the name of the function subprogram or any entry in the
subprogram has a length of (*) declared, all such entities must have a
length of (*) declared; otherwise, all such entities must have a
length specification of the same integer value.
In a subprogram, a name that appears as a dummy argument in an ENTRY
statement must not appear in an executable statement preceding that
ENTRY statement unless it also appears in a FUNCTION, SUBROUTINE, or
ENTRY statement that precedes the executable statement.
In a subprogram, a name that appears as a dummy argument in an ENTRY
statement must not appear in the expression of a statement function
statement unless the name is also a dummy argument of the statement
function, appears in a FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE statement, or appears in
an ENTRY statement that precedes the statement function statement.
If a dummy argument appears in an executable statement, the execution
of the executable statement is permitted during the execution of a
reference to the function or subroutine only if the dummy argument
appears in the dummy argument list of the procedure name referenced.
Note that the association of dummy arguments with actual arguments is
not retained between references to a function or subroutine.
15.9.3.6 Restrictions on Association of Entities.
If a subprogram reference causes a dummy argument in the referenced
subprogram to become associated with another dummy argument in the
referenced subprogram, neither dummy argument may become defined
during execution of that subprogram. For example, if a subroutine is
headed by
SUBROUTINE XYZ (A,B)
and is referenced by
CALL XYZ (C,C)
the[n the dummy arguments A and B each become associated with the same
actual argument C and therefore with each other. Neither A nor B may
become defined during this execution of subroutine XYZ or by any
procedures referenced by XYZ.
If a subprogram reference causes a dummy argument to become associated
with an entity in a common block in the referenced subprogram or in a
subprogram referenced by the referenced subprogram, neither the dummy
argument nor the entity in the common block may become defined within
the subprogram or within a subprogram referenced by the referenced
subprogram. For example, if a subroutine contains the statements:
1. SUBROUTINE XYZ (A)
2. COMMON C
and is referenced by a program unit that contains the statements:
1. COMMON B
2. CALL XYZ (B)
then the dummy argument A becomes associated with the actual argument
B, which is associated with C, which is in a common block. Neither A
nor C may become defined during execution of the subroutine XYZ or by
any procedures referenced by XYZ.
15.10.1 Restrictions on Range of Arguments and Results.
Restrictions on the range of arguments and results for intrinsic
functions when referenced by their specific names are as follows:
1. Remaindering: The result for MOD, AMOD, and DMOD is undefined when
the value of the second argument is zero.
2. Transfer of Sign: If the value of the first argument of ISIGN,
SIGN, or DSIGN is zero, the result is zero, which is neither
positive or negative ( 4.1.3).
3. Square Root: The value of the argument of SQRT and DSQRT must be
greater than or equal to zero. The result of CSQRT is the
principal value with the real part greater than or equal to zero.
When the real part of the result is zero, the imaginary part is
greater than or equal to zero.
4. Logarithms: The value of the argument of ALOG, DLOG, ALOG10, and
DLOG10 must be greater than zero. The value of the argument of
CLOG must not be (0.,0.). The range of the imaginary part of the
result of CLOG is: -pi < imaginary part <= pi . The imaginary part
of the result is pi only when the real part of the argument is
less than zero and the imaginary part of the argument is zero.
5. Sine, Cosine, and Tangent: The absolute value of the argument of
SIN, DSIN, COS, DCOS, TAN, and DTAN is not restricted to be less
than 2pi .
6. Arcsine: The absolute value of the argument of ASIN and DASIN must
be less than or equal to one. The range of the result is: -pi/2 <=
result <= pi/2 .
7. Arccosine: The absolute value of the argument of ACOS and DACOS
must be less than or equal to one. The range of the result is: 0
<= result <=pi .
8. Arctangent: The range of the result for ATAN and DATAN is: -pi/2
<= result <= pi/2 . If the value of the first argument of ATAN2 or
DATAN2 is positive, the result is positive. If the value of the
first argument is zero, the result is zero if the second argument
is positive and pi if the second argument is negative. If the
value of the first argument is negative, the result is negative.
If the value of the second argument is zero, the absolute value of
the result is pi/2 . The arguments must not both have the value
zero. The range of the result for ATAN2 and DATAN2 is: -pi <
result <= pi .
The above restrictions on arguments and results also apply to the
intrinsic functions when referenced by their generic names.
16.2 Block Data Subprogram Restrictions
The BLOCK DATA statement must appear only as the first statement of a
block data subprogram. The only other statements that may appear in a
block data subprogram are IMPLICIT, PARAMETER, DIMENSION, COMMON,
SAVE, EQUIVALENCE, DATA, END, and type-statements. Note that comment
lines are permitted.
If an entity in a named common block is initially defined, all
entities having storage units in the common block storage sequence
must be specified even if they are not all initially defined. More
than one named common block may have entities initially defined in a
single block data subprogram.
Only an entity in a named common block may be initially defined in a
block data subprogram. Note that entities associated with an entity in
a common block are considered to be in that common block.
The same named common block may not be specified in more than one
block data subprogram in the same executable program.
There must not be more than one unnamed block data subprogram in an
executable program.
A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208— that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea—while her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato’s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Arêtê, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. “Thanks,” Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to “look out for a hidden enemy.” He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that—though you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon—pardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer—and I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance—nay, blood—with the cry of the bond." HoME古一级毛片免费观看
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